Usage of Starlink, SpaceX’s satellite internet service, has increased dramatically in Iran. It is estimated that over 100,000 Iranians have accessed the service by early 2025, defying government-imposed internet restrictions. This growing reliance on Starlink underscores the Iranian public’s resilience to censorship and government control over online communications.

Starlink’s Role Amid Censorship

Starlink rose to prominence in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini in 2022 and the nationwide protests that followed. The Iranian government’s response to these protests included widespread internet shutdowns and heavy filtering of platforms such as Telegram, Instagram and WhatsApp. Amid these restrictions, Starlink represented an important alternative that allowed users to bypass censorship and access unfiltered, high-speed internet.

Unlike traditional internet services, it is difficult for governments to effectively block or monitor Starlink’s satellite-based system. This technological edge has made it an attractive option for Iranians seeking free access to information and communication.

Why Iranians are turning to Starlink

Escape from government control

Due to Iran’s strict censorship policies and frequent internet shutdowns, citizens have limited options for reliable connectivity. Starlink’s ability to bypass these restrictions allows users to stay connected during critical moments such as protests or international advocacy campaigns.

Access to unfiltered information

The Iranian public’s demand for uncensored news and communications has grown alongside the government’s efforts to control the narrative. Starlink provides a way to access global media and share information outside of government oversight.

Economic and technological challenges

Despite its advantages, Starlink remains economically inaccessible to many. Satellite terminals, which are often smuggled into the country, can cost between $700 and $2,000, with monthly fees as high as $110. In a country where the average monthly income is around $200, this cost is prohibitive for most. Nevertheless, many users consider the investment for unrestricted Internet access to be worthwhile.

Global advocacy for digital rights

The service gained further traction after the US eased export restrictions on internet technologies to Iran. This political shift allowed Starlink to operate legally within international regulations, allowing Iranians greater digital freedom.

Internet freedom in Iran

Iran achieved a total of 12 out of 100 points in the Freedom on the Net Internet Freedom Index 2024 and is classified as “not free”. Iran receives 7 out of 25 possible index points in the “access barriers” dimension, 4 out of 35 possible index points in the “content restrictions” dimension and will be rated 1 out of 40 possible index points in the “violation of user rights” dimension in 2024. These are low results reflect the severe restrictions on internet access, content and user rights under the current regime.

Economic and political implications

The spread of Starlink in Iran poses challenges to the government’s control over internet access. Activists and organizations committed to internet freedom see the technology as a game-changer that could change the balance of power in online discourse. But some experts warn that the high cost of satellite internet could weigh on Iran’s communications economy and hamper local initiatives to improve internet infrastructure.

The Iranian government has already tried to counter Starlink’s influence. In 2023, authorities petitioned the International Telecommunications Union to exclude Iran from satellite internet coverage. Officials have also warned that SpaceX must comply with Iranian regulations or face disruptions to its services within the country.

The future of Starlink in Iran

As Starlink’s user base grows, the Iranian government will likely increase its efforts to restrict access to satellite internet. Despite these challenges, demand for Starlink continues to rise, reflecting the public’s determination to reclaim digital freedoms. Advocacy groups believe the number of users could reach millions, potentially weakening the government’s influence over internet governance.

Diploma

The increasing adoption of Starlink in Iran underscores the population’s resilience to repressive controls and their quest for digital autonomy. This trend not only poses a challenge to the government’s censorship apparatus, but also underscores a broader struggle for free expression and access to information in an interconnected world.