In an overnight bombing campaign, South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law on Wednesday, accusing the opposition of endangering the country’s democracy and national stability. The sudden decree, which marked the first time martial law has been imposed in South Korea in more than four decades, sparked alarm both domestically and internationally as troops surrounded parliament there.

Within hours, Yoon reversed the decision after receiving a strong rebuke from the National Assembly and widespread protests.

The dramatic episode came against the backdrop of a growing political standoff, reportedly over the state budget, as Yoon’s government faced increasing criticism over its handling of domestic issues.

South Korea’s martial law drama in key points

• Declaration of Martial Law: South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law in a surprise late-night address, accusing opposition forces of “anti-state activities” that were destabilizing the government. Yoon’s move marked the first time martial law was imposed in the country since the country’s democratization in 1987. South Korea’s previous martial law came into effect in October 1979 following the assassination of former military dictator Park Chung-hee.
• Martial Law in the South Korean Constitution: A decree issued by army chief General Park An-su banned political activities, strikes and gatherings while placing the media under martial law control. The striking doctors were ordered to return to work within 48 hours. According to an Associated Press report, South Korea’s constitution allows the president to declare martial law in “time of war, war-like situations or other similar national emergencies” that require the use of military force to maintain peace and order. However, it is questionable whether South Korea is currently in such a state.

When martial law is in effect, “special measures” may be taken to restrict freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and other rights, as well as the powers of the courts.

The constitution also states that if the National Assembly by majority vote calls for the lifting of martial law, the president must comply.

• Reason for martial law: Yoon described martial law as what he believes is a necessary response to protect liberal democracy and counter threats from North Korea. The statement coincided with a budget dispute with the opposition. Yoon’s party is at an impasse with the liberal opposition over next year’s budget. The opposition has also sought to indict three top prosecutors, including the head of the Central Prosecutor’s Office in Seoul, in what conservatives call a vendetta against their criminal investigation into Lee, who is seen as the favorite to win the next presidential election in 2027 in opinion polls.

During his televised announcement, Yoon also described the opposition as “shameless pro-North Korean anti-state forces that are plundering the freedom and happiness of our citizens.”

In contrast to the policies of his liberal predecessor Moon Jae-in, who sought inter-Korean engagement, Yoon takes a tough stance on North Korea over its nuclear ambitions.

Yoon has also rejected calls for an independent investigation into scandals involving his wife and top officials, drawing rebuke from his political rivals.

• Martial law lifted: Security forces sealed off the National Assembly and troops briefly entered. Nevertheless, 190 MPs voted unanimously to reject martial law and call for its immediate lifting. After the legislature voted, Yoon reversed his decision. The cabinet approved the request and the military withdrew. Yoon confirmed the repeal in a televised address at 4:30 a.m.

Police and military personnel were seen leaving parliament grounds following the cross-party vote to remove the president.

Parliament reacted quickly after martial law was declared. National Assembly Speaker Woo Won Shik said the law was “invalid” and that lawmakers would “protect democracy with the people.”

In total, martial law was in effect for around six hours.

Police and military personnel were seen leaving the parliament grounds after both parties voted to remove the president.

• What’s next for Yoon? Following the imposition of martial law, Yoon faces increasing pressure at home and calls for accountability for his decision, described by his own party as a “tragic” misstep.

The opposition called for Yoon’s resignation and accused him of insurrection. South Korea’s largest union announced an indefinite strike to protest the “anti-democratic” decision.

The country’s largest trade union group also called for an “indefinite general strike” until he resigns over the “irrational and anti-democratic measure”.

The United States expressed relief at the lifting of martial law, while European countries and China were also monitoring the situation. Russia described the event as “alarming.”